Have you ever held a question in mind for so long that it becomes part of how you think?

你是否曾經(jīng)把一個(gè)問(wèn)題留在心中很久，結(jié)果它已經(jīng)成為你的一種思路？

Maybe even part of who you are as a person?

甚至可能已經(jīng)成為你自己的一部分？

Well I've had a question in my mind for many, many years and that is: how can you speed up learning?

我思考了一個(gè)問(wèn)題很多很多年，就是：你怎樣才能加快自己學(xué)習(xí)的速度？

Now, this is an interesting question because if you speed up learning you can spend less time at school.

那么，這是一個(gè)很有趣的問(wèn)題，因?yàn)槿绻憧梢约涌熳约旱膶W(xué)習(xí)的速度，你就可以花更少時(shí)間在學(xué)校里。

And if you learn really fast, you probably wouldn't have to go to school at all.

如果你真的可以學(xué)習(xí)得特別快，你可能根本就不用去上學(xué)。

Now, when I was young, school was sort of okay but I found quite often that school got in the way of learning so I had this question in mind: how do you learn faster?

在我小時(shí)候，上學(xué)還湊合，但我常常發(fā)現(xiàn)上學(xué)會(huì)阻礙學(xué)習(xí)，因此在心里面我有了這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題：怎樣才能學(xué)得更快呢？

And this began when I was very, very young. When I was about eleven years old I wrote a letter to researchers in the Soviet Union, asking about hypnopaedia, this is sleep learning, where you get a tape recorder, you put it beside your bed and it turns on in the middle of the night when you're sleeping, and you're supposed to be learning from this.

(這個(gè)想法)在我很小時(shí)候已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了，大約我11歲的時(shí)候，我給前蘇聯(lián)的研究者寫(xiě)了一封關(guān)于睡眠學(xué)習(xí)的信， 所謂“睡覺(jué)學(xué)習(xí)”，就是拿一個(gè)磁帶錄音機(jī)放在你床邊， 等你入眠后機(jī)器開(kāi)始播放磁帶，(然后)目的是通過(guò)這種方式來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)。

A good idea, unfortunately it doesn't work.

一個(gè)好主意，不幸的是它行不通。

But, hypnopaedia did open the doors to research in other areas and we've had incredible discoveries about learning that began with that first question.

但睡眠學(xué)習(xí)確實(shí)打開(kāi)了研究其他領(lǐng)域的大門(mén)，并且我們從研究這個(gè)問(wèn)題開(kāi)始已經(jīng)有了一些驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)。

I went on from there to become passionate about psychology and I have been involved in psychology in many ways for the rest of my life up until this point.

從那開(kāi)始我對(duì)心理學(xué)充滿熱情，直到現(xiàn)在我已經(jīng)投入了幾十年的時(shí)間從事心理學(xué)相關(guān)的不同研究和工作。

In 1981 I took myself to China and I decided that I was going to be native level in Chinese inside two years.

1981年，我來(lái)到了中國(guó)，并且我決定在兩年內(nèi)我的漢語(yǔ)要達(dá)到像中文母語(yǔ)者一樣的水平。

Now, you need to understand that in 1981, everybody thought Chinese was really, really difficult and that a westerner could study for ten years or more and never really get very good at it.

吶，你需要明白的是在20世紀(jì)80年代初，所有人都認(rèn)為漢語(yǔ)是真的很難學(xué)，一個(gè)西方人可能學(xué)習(xí)10年或以上也未必能學(xué)好。

And I also went in with a different idea which was: taking all of the conclusions from psychological research up to that point and applying them to the learning process.

還有，我?guī)е环N不同的想法，就是把心理學(xué)對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題研究所得的全部結(jié)論運(yùn)用到我學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程當(dāng)中。

What was really cool was that in six months I was fluent in Mandarin Chinese and took a little bit longer to get up to native.

特別棒的是我在六個(gè)月內(nèi)能說(shuō)流利的中文，不久后，我達(dá)到了中文母語(yǔ)者的水平。

But I looked around and I saw all of these people from different countries struggling terribly with Chinese, I saw Chinese people struggling terribly to learn English and other languages, and so my question got refined down to: how can you help a normal adult learn a new language quickly, easily and effectively?

但我看到周?chē)切﹣?lái)自不同國(guó)家的人在為學(xué)習(xí)中文苦苦掙扎，中國(guó)人在為學(xué)習(xí)英文或其他語(yǔ)言苦苦掙扎，因此我的問(wèn)題便細(xì)化到：怎樣幫助一位正常的成年人更快、更容易和有效地學(xué)會(huì)第二門(mén)語(yǔ)言。

Now this is a really, really important question in today's world.

要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，在今天的世界里這是一個(gè)非常非常重要的問(wèn)題。

We have massive challenges with environment. We have massive challenges with social dislocation, with wars, all sorts of things going on and if we can't communicate we're really going to have difficulty solving these problems.

我們需要面對(duì)大量的(有關(guān))環(huán)保問(wèn)題的挑戰(zhàn)，我們需要面對(duì)很多社會(huì)混亂和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的挑戰(zhàn)，各種各類(lèi)事情在發(fā)生，如果我們不能溝通那我們將難以解決這些問(wèn)題。

So we need to be able to speak each other's languages. This is really, really important.

因此，我們需要能夠說(shuō)對(duì)方的語(yǔ)言。這真的非常重要。

The question then is how do you do that？ Well, it's actually really easy.

接下來(lái)的問(wèn)題是，怎樣做到？這實(shí)際上是很容易的。

You look around for people who can already do it, you look for situations where it's already working and then you identify the principles and apply them.

看看你周?chē)切┮呀?jīng)做到的人，尋找在什么情況下，它是有效的，識(shí)別這些原則后好好利用它們。

It's called modeling and I've been looking at language learning and modeling language learning for about fifteen to twenty years now.

這是一種高科技模仿，而我已經(jīng)用這種方法研究語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)大約15到20年了。

And my conclusion, my observation from this is that any adult can learn a second language to fluency inside six months.

接著多年的觀察，我得到的結(jié)論是，任何一個(gè)成年人能在6個(gè)月內(nèi)把任何外語(yǔ)學(xué)得流利。

Now when I say this, most people think I'm crazy, this is not possible. So let me remind everybody of the history of human progress, it's all about expanding our limits.

吶，當(dāng)我說(shuō)成年人能在6個(gè)月內(nèi)學(xué)會(huì)任何一種外語(yǔ)，大多數(shù)人都認(rèn)為我瘋了，這是不可能的。因此，先讓我提醒在座各位關(guān)于人類(lèi)歷史的進(jìn)展，所有人類(lèi)歷史都是在擴(kuò)展我們的極限。

In 1950 everybody believed that running one mile in four minutes was impossible and then Roger Bannister did it in 1956 and from there it's got shorter and shorter.

在20世紀(jì)50年代，所有人都相信跑出4分鐘1英里的成績(jī)是不可能的，后來(lái)羅杰·班尼斯特在1965年做到了，而從那開(kāi)始跑1英里的時(shí)間變得越來(lái)越短 。

100 years ago everybody believed that heavy stuff doesn't fly。

100年前，每個(gè)人都相信重的物體不能飛。

Except it does and we all know this. How does heavy stuff fly?

它不但可以飛，而且我們大家都知道這個(gè)事實(shí)。那么，重物是怎樣飛的呢？

We reorganize the materials using principles that we have learned from observing nature, birds in this case.

我們觀察大自然的原理，在此是鳥(niǎo)飛行的原理，，根據(jù)這些我們重新組織材料來(lái)使重物可以飛。

And today we've gone ever further, so you can fly a car. You can buy one of these for a couple hundred thousand US dollars.

如今，我們甚至走得更遠(yuǎn)，你可以駕駛一輛會(huì)飛的汽車(chē)。你可以花幾十萬(wàn)美元購(gòu)買(mǎi)一輛這樣的汽車(chē)。

We now have cars in the world that can fly.

我們現(xiàn)在有了會(huì)飛的汽車(chē)了。

And there's a different way to fly that we've learned from squirrels.

在能飛的松鼠的身上我們學(xué)會(huì)了另一種不同的方式來(lái)飛。

So all you need to do is copy what a flying squirrel does, build a suit called a wing suit and off you go, you can fly like a squirrel.

你只要做的是去復(fù)制一只飛鼠如何飛的原理，建造一套翼服，你就可以像一只飛鼠那樣可以在天空中飛翔。

Now, most people, a lot of people, I wouldn't say everybody but a lot of people think they can't draw.

那么，大多數(shù)人，很多人，我不會(huì)說(shuō)所有人，但很多人認(rèn)為他們不會(huì)畫(huà)畫(huà)。

However there are some key principles, five principles that you can apply to learning to draw and you can actually learn to draw in five days.

然而這里有一些重要的原則，5個(gè)原則你可以利用來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)畫(huà)畫(huà)并且實(shí)際上你可以在5天內(nèi)學(xué)會(huì)。

So, if you draw like this, you learn these principles for five days and apply them and after five days you can draw something like this.

如果你平時(shí)畫(huà)成這樣，那么你學(xué)習(xí)5天這些原則然后應(yīng)用它們，5天后，你可以畫(huà)成這樣。

Now I know this is true because that was my first drawing and after five days of applying these principles that was what I was able to do.

我知道這是真的，因?yàn)槟鞘俏业谝淮萎?huà)的，5天后我應(yīng)用了這些原則，我可以做到這樣。

And I looked at this and I went ‘wow,' so that's how I look like when I'm concentrating so intensely that my brain is exploding.

當(dāng)我看著這個(gè)，我“哇”了一聲，那就是我非常強(qiáng)烈的，專(zhuān)注到我大腦快要爆炸的樣子呀！

So, anybody can learn to draw in five days and in the same way, with the same logic, anybody can learn a second language in six months.

因此，任何人都能夠用5天時(shí)間學(xué)會(huì)畫(huà)畫(huà)，同樣地，用同樣的方式和邏輯，任何人都可以在6個(gè)月內(nèi)學(xué)會(huì)一門(mén)外語(yǔ)。

How: there are five principles and seven actions.

怎么做呢？ 有5個(gè)原則和7個(gè)行動(dòng)可以跟隨。

There may be a few more but these are absolutely core.

可能有更多，但這些絕對(duì)是核心部分。

And before I get into those I just want to talk about two myths, dispel two myths.

進(jìn)入這些點(diǎn)之前我想先說(shuō)說(shuō)兩個(gè)神話并消除它們。

The first is that you need talent.

第一個(gè)是你需要有天賦。

Let me tell you about Zoe.

讓我跟你們說(shuō)說(shuō)關(guān)于佐伊的事情。

Zoe came from Australia, went to Holland, was trying to learn Dutch, struggling a great deal and finally people were saying: ‘you're completely useless,' ‘you're not talented,' ‘give up,' ‘you're a waste of time' and she was very, very depressed.

佐伊是澳大利亞人，她去到荷蘭并嘗試學(xué)習(xí)荷蘭語(yǔ)。她非常掙扎，最后人們跟她說(shuō)，“沒(méi)用的，”“你沒(méi)有天賦，”“還是放棄吧，”“你根本就是在浪費(fèi)時(shí)間?！彼龑?duì)此感到非常沮喪。

And then she came across these five principles, she moved to Brazil and she applied them and within six months she was fluent in Portuguese, so talent doesn't matter.

后來(lái)，她無(wú)意中發(fā)現(xiàn)了這5個(gè)原則，去了巴西，并把這些原則應(yīng)用到她學(xué)習(xí)葡萄牙語(yǔ)中，6個(gè)月內(nèi)，她可以說(shuō)流利的葡萄牙語(yǔ)了。因此，天賦不重要。

People also think that immersion in a new country is the way to learn a language.

人們還認(rèn)為學(xué)會(huì)一門(mén)外語(yǔ)最好的方式就是到說(shuō)該門(mén)語(yǔ)言的國(guó)家去。

But look around Hong Kong, look at all the westerners who've been here for ten years, who don't speak a word of Chinese.

但是看看在香港已經(jīng)呆了10年的西方人，還是一句中文也不會(huì)說(shuō)。

Look at all the Chinese living in America, Britain, Australia, Canada who have been there ten, twenty years and they don't speak any English.

看看那些居住在美國(guó)、英國(guó)、澳大利亞、加拿大10年、20年的中國(guó)人，還是不會(huì)一句英文。

Immersion per se doesn't not work, why?

只呆在一個(gè)新的國(guó)家本身是沒(méi)有用的。為什么？

Because a drowning man cannot learn to swim.

因?yàn)槟缢娜耸菍W(xué)不會(huì)游泳的。

When you don't speak a language you're like a baby and if you drop yourself into a context which is all adults talking about stuff over your head, you won't learn.

當(dāng)你不能說(shuō)那種語(yǔ)言，你就像一個(gè)嬰兒，如果你進(jìn)入一個(gè)環(huán)境，那里全部都是成年人在嘰嘰呱呱的說(shuō)一些你完全聽(tīng)不明白的話，你還是學(xué)不會(huì)。

So, what are the five principles that you need to pay attention to;

那么，你需要注意的那5個(gè)原則是什么呢？

first: there are four words, attention, meaning, relevance and memory, and these interconnect in very important ways. Especially when you're talking about learning.

首先，有四個(gè)詞，注意力、含義、關(guān)聯(lián)和記憶， 而這些在很多非常重要的方面是相互連接的，特別在你談?wù)搶W(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)候。

Come with me on a journey through a forest.

請(qǐng)跟隨我來(lái)一趟森林之旅。

You go on a walk through a forest and you see something like this.

你穿越森林，然后你看到一個(gè)像這樣的東西。

Little marks on a tree, maybe you pay attention, maybe you don't.

你可能注意到了樹(shù)上的這些小標(biāo)記，可能你沒(méi)有注意它們。

You go another fifty metres and you see this.

然后你繼續(xù)向前走50米，你看到了這個(gè)。

You should be paying attention.

你應(yīng)該要注意了。

Another fifty metres, if you haven't been paying attention, you see this.

再50米，如果你還沒(méi)注意的話，你會(huì)看到這個(gè)。

And at this point, you're paying attention.

當(dāng)看到這個(gè)的時(shí)候，你就會(huì)注意了。

And you've just learned that this is important, it's relevant because it means this, and anything that is related, any information related to your survival is stuff that you're going to pay attention to and therefore you're going to remember it.

你剛剛學(xué)習(xí)到了這個(gè)是重要的，它與你有重要關(guān)系，因?yàn)樗磉@個(gè)。任何有關(guān)聯(lián)的東西，任何有關(guān)你生存的信息都是值得你注意的，而你給注意力的就會(huì)記住的。

If it's related to your personal goals then you're going to pay attention to it, if it's relevant you're going to remember it.

如果它關(guān)于你個(gè)人目標(biāo)的，那么你就會(huì)注意到它，如果它與你是有關(guān)聯(lián)的，你就會(huì)記住它。

So, the first rule, the first principle for learning a language is focus on language content that is relevant to you.

因此，學(xué)習(xí)一門(mén)語(yǔ)言的第一個(gè)原則就是注意那些與你息息相關(guān)的語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容上。

Which brings us to tools.

這就讓我們談到工具。

We master tools by using tools and we learn tools the fastest when they are relevant to us.

我們通過(guò)使用工具來(lái)掌握工具，而當(dāng)這些工具與我們息息相關(guān)的時(shí)候，我們就可以學(xué)得很快。

So let me share a story.

先讓我分享一個(gè)故事。

A keyboard is a tool.

鍵盤(pán)是一個(gè)工具。

Typing Chinese a certain way, there are methods for this. That's a tool.

有不同方法打中文字。這些方法屬于工具的一種。

I had a colleague many years ago who went to night school;

多年前，我有一位同事，她上夜校學(xué)習(xí)中文打字。

Tuesday night, Thursday night, two hours each night, practicing at home, she spent nine months, and she did not learn to type Chinese.

每周二、周四晚上，她都用2個(gè)小時(shí)上課，然后也在家練習(xí)，她花了9個(gè)月的時(shí)間，仍然沒(méi)學(xué)會(huì)打中文字。

And one night we had a crisis.

一天晚上，我們有一件緊急的事情。

We had forty eight hours to deliver a training manual in Chinese.

我們有48個(gè)小時(shí)來(lái)準(zhǔn)備用中文發(fā)表一本訓(xùn)練手冊(cè)。

And she got the job, and I can guarantee you in forty eight hours, she learned to type Chinese because it was relevant, it was important, it was meaningful, she was using a tool to create value.

她獲得了這個(gè)任務(wù) ，并且我可以像你保證，在48個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)，她學(xué)會(huì)了用中文打字。因?yàn)檫@是相關(guān)的、重要的、有意義的，她在使用一種工具來(lái)創(chuàng)造價(jià)值。

So the second tool for learning a language is to use your language as a tool to communicate right from day one. As a kid does.

因此，學(xué)習(xí)一門(mén)語(yǔ)言的第二個(gè)工具是從第一天開(kāi)始，用你的語(yǔ)言作為一種工具來(lái)溝通，像一個(gè)孩子那樣做。

When I first arrived in China I didn't speak a word of Chinese, and on my second week I got to take a train ride overnight.

當(dāng)我初次來(lái)到中國(guó)，我一句中文都不會(huì)說(shuō)。第二個(gè)星期我乘坐火車(chē)過(guò)夜。

I spent eight hours sitting in the dining car talking to one of the guards on the train. He took an interest in me for some reason, and we just chatted all night in Chinese and he was drawing pictures and making movements with his hands and facial expressions and piece by piece by piece I understood more and more.

我花了8個(gè)小時(shí)，坐在餐車(chē)，跟一位乘警聊。因?yàn)槟撤N原因，他對(duì)我很感興趣。我們?cè)谀怯弥形牧牧苏?，隨著他畫(huà)畫(huà)、比劃雙手并動(dòng)用他的面部表情，我逐漸地明白越來(lái)越多。

But what was really cool, was two weeks later, when people were talking Chinese around me, I was understanding some of this and I hadn't even made any effort to learn that.

但是真正有趣的是，兩個(gè)星期后，當(dāng)人們?cè)谖抑車(chē)f(shuō)中文的時(shí)候，我可以明白一些而且我并沒(méi)有為之付出任何努力。

What had happened?

發(fā)生了什么？

I'd absorbed it that night on the train, which brings us to the third principle When you first understand the message, then you will acquire the language unconsciously.

在火車(chē)的那晚我已經(jīng)吸收了中文也是我們要說(shuō)的第三個(gè)原則。當(dāng)你已經(jīng)理解溝通的信息含義，接下來(lái)你將不知不覺(jué)下意識(shí)的獲得該語(yǔ)言。

And this is really, really well documented now, it's something called comprehensible input and there's twenty or thirty years of research on this. Stephen Krashen, a leader in the field has published all sorts of these different studies and this is just from one of them.

而且這是有充足的證據(jù)證明的，我們把它稱之為“可明白輸入”，而這個(gè)概念被研究了了研究二三十年。此領(lǐng)域的佼佼者史蒂夫·克拉申發(fā)布了各類(lèi)不同的學(xué)術(shù)研究成果，而這些數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自他的一個(gè)報(bào)告。

The purple bars show the scores on different tests for language.

條形圖里面的紫色部分顯示不同語(yǔ)言測(cè)試的成績(jī)。

The purple people were people who had learned by grammar and formal study, the green ones are the ones who learned by comprehensible input.

紫色代表那些通過(guò)正式學(xué)習(xí)和學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法的人，綠色的代表那些通過(guò)可明白輸入學(xué)習(xí)的人。

So, comprehension works.

因此，可明白意思的輸入是有效的。

Comprehension is key and language learning is not about accumulating lots of knowledge.

理解是很關(guān)鍵的而學(xué)語(yǔ)言本身不僅僅是獲取大量的知識(shí)。

In many, many ways it's about physiological training.

在很多方面，更多的是生理的訓(xùn)練。

A woman I know from Taiwan did great at English at school, she got A grades all the way through, went through college, A grades, went to the US and found she couldn't understand what people were saying.

我認(rèn)識(shí)的一位來(lái)自臺(tái)灣的女士，上學(xué)時(shí)英文成績(jī)很好，大學(xué)英語(yǔ)也很優(yōu)秀。后來(lái)，她到了美國(guó)，竟然發(fā)現(xiàn)自己聽(tīng)不懂別人在說(shuō)什么。

And people started asking her: ‘a(chǎn)re you deaf?'

然后人們開(kāi)始問(wèn)她：“你是聾的嗎？”

And she was. English deaf.

她確實(shí)是英語(yǔ)聾子。

Because we have filters in our brain that filter in the sounds that we are familiar with and they filter out the sounds of languages we're not.

因?yàn)樵谖覀兇竽X里有一些過(guò)濾器會(huì)幫助我們過(guò)濾熟悉的語(yǔ)言聲音進(jìn)入腦子里，而把不熟悉的語(yǔ)言聲音過(guò)濾出去。

And if you can't hear it, you won't understand it and if you can't understand it, you're not going to learn it.

如果你聽(tīng)不到，你不會(huì)明白；你聽(tīng)不明白，你將不能學(xué)會(huì)它。

So you actually have to be able to hear these sounds.

因此，你必須能夠聽(tīng)到這些聲音。

And there are ways to do that but it's physiological training.

這里有一些方法來(lái)做到，但這些是生理上的訓(xùn)練。

Speaking takes muscle.

說(shuō)話需要用到肌肉。

You've got forty-three muscles in your face, you have to coordinate those in a way that you make sounds that other people will understand.

在你的臉上有43塊肌肉，你必須協(xié)調(diào)好這些肌肉來(lái)發(fā)聲，讓別人明白你的話。

If you've ever done a new sport for a couple of days, then you know how your body feels. And it hurts.

如果你曾經(jīng)有做過(guò)幾天新的運(yùn)動(dòng)，你會(huì)知道你的身體有什么感覺(jué)。有點(diǎn)酸疼。

If your face is hurting you're doing it right.

如果你的面部有這種酸疼的感覺(jué)，那就對(duì)了。

And the final principle is state.

最后一個(gè)原則是狀態(tài)。

Psycho-physiological state.

心理生理的狀態(tài)。

If you're sad, angry, worried, upset, you're not going to learn. Period.

如果你傷心、生氣、擔(dān)心、沮喪，你將不能學(xué)會(huì)。絕對(duì)是這樣。

If you're happy, relaxed, in an Alpha brain state, curious, you're going to learn really quickly, and very specifically you need to be tolerant of ambiguity.

如果你是在一個(gè)開(kāi)心的，放松的，好奇的大腦狀態(tài)下，你將很快學(xué)會(huì)，而且，需要明確的一點(diǎn)是，你需要忍受歧義。

If you're one of those people who needs to understand 100% every word you're hearing, you will go nuts, because you'll be incredibly upset all the time, because you're not perfect.

如果你是那種在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候需要百分百聽(tīng)明白別人在說(shuō)的每一個(gè)詞兒 的人之一，你會(huì)因?yàn)槟銦o(wú)時(shí)無(wú)刻(的)沮喪感和你的不完美而發(fā)瘋了。

If you're comfortable with getting some, not getting some, just paying attention to what you do understand, you're going to be fine, you'll be relaxed and you'll be learning quickly.

如果你對(duì)聽(tīng)明白一些、聽(tīng)不明白一些而感到舒服，并把注意力放在你明白的部分，你將會(huì)學(xué)好，而且你的狀態(tài)越輕松，你將學(xué)得越快。

So based on those five principles, what are the seven actions that you need to take?

那么在這5個(gè)原則上，你還需要哪7個(gè)行動(dòng)呢？

Number one: listen a lot.

第一，多聽(tīng)。

I call it brain soaking。

我把它叫做泡腦子。

You put yourself in a context where you're hearing tons and tons and tons of a language and it doesn't matter if you understand it or not。

你把自己置放在聽(tīng)很多很多語(yǔ)言的環(huán)境當(dāng)中，聽(tīng)得明白與否無(wú)關(guān)重要。

You're listening to the rhythm ,you're listening to the patterns that repeat, you're listening to things that stand out。

在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候，你是在聽(tīng)它的節(jié)奏、聽(tīng)它重復(fù)的模式、聽(tīng)凸出來(lái)的詞語(yǔ)。

So, just soak your brain in this.

像這個(gè)泡泡你的腦子。

The second action: is that you get the meaning first, even before you get the words.

第二個(gè)行動(dòng)是在獲取單詞之前先獲取它的意思。

You go “Well how do I do that?”，

你可能在想，這個(gè)我怎么知道的呢？

I don't know the words. Well, you understand what these different postures mean.

我不知道那些單詞！ 但你可以理解那些不同手勢(shì)代表的含義。

Human communication is body language in many, many ways, so much body language.

身體語(yǔ)言占領(lǐng)人類(lèi)交流的一大部分。

From body language you can understand a lot of communication, therefore, you're understanding, you're acquiring through comprehensible input.

從身體語(yǔ)言，你可以理解很多對(duì)話內(nèi)容，因此，你通過(guò)可明白輸入理解、獲取它的含義。

And you can also use patterns that you already know.

你還可以利用你已經(jīng)知道的模式。

If you're a Chinese speaker of Mandarin and Cantonese and you go Vietnam, you will understand 60% of what they say to you in daily conversation, because Vietnamese is about 30% Mandarin, 30% Cantonese.

如果你是說(shuō)國(guó)語(yǔ)和粵語(yǔ)，當(dāng)你去到越南，你可以明白60%的日常用語(yǔ)，因?yàn)樵侥显捰?0%的國(guó)語(yǔ)和30%的粵語(yǔ)。

The third action: start mixing.

第三個(gè)行動(dòng)：開(kāi)始混合。

You probably have never thought of this but if you've got ten verbs, ten nouns and ten adjectives you can say one thousand different things.

你可能之前沒(méi)有想過(guò)這個(gè)，但如果你有10個(gè)動(dòng)詞，10個(gè)名詞和10個(gè)形容詞，你可以說(shuō)1000句不同的話。

Language is a creative process.

語(yǔ)言是創(chuàng)造的過(guò)程。

What do babies do?

孩子是怎么做的呢？

Okay: me, bat(h)， now， okay, that's how they communicate.

我，澡澡，現(xiàn)在。。。這就是他們說(shuō)話的方式。

So start mixing, get creative, have fun with it, it doesn't have to be perfect it just has to work.

所以現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始混合、創(chuàng)造并從中獲得趣味。你不需要做到完美，你能溝通就好。

And when you're doing this you focus on the core.

而且當(dāng)你這樣做的時(shí)候，你把注意力放在核心上。

What does that mean?

這意味著什么？

Well any language has high frequency content.

任何語(yǔ)言都有它的高頻內(nèi)容。

In English 1000 words covers 85% of anything you're ever going to say in daily communication.

英語(yǔ)有1000個(gè)高頻詞覆蓋你85%的日常交流。

3000 words give you 98% of anything you're going to say in daily conversation.

而3000個(gè)高頻詞將覆蓋98%的日常交流。

You got 3000 words, you're speaking the language.

你有3000個(gè)高頻詞，你將可以說(shuō)一門(mén)外語(yǔ)。

The rest is icing on the cake.

剩余的是錦上添花。

And when you're just beginning with a new language start with the tool box.

當(dāng)你開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)一門(mén)外語(yǔ)，從工具箱開(kāi)始。

Week number one in your new language you say things like: ‘how do you say that?'

第一周，你會(huì)用新語(yǔ)言說(shuō)一些像這樣的話“那個(gè)你怎么說(shuō)？”

‘I don't understand,'

“我不明白，”

‘repeat that please,'

“請(qǐng)重復(fù)，”

‘what does that mean,'

“那是什么意思”，

all in your target language.

全都用你的目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言。

You're using it as a tool, making it useful to you, it's relevant to learn other things about the language.

你把它當(dāng)做工具來(lái)用，并且利用好它，這對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)該門(mén)語(yǔ)言的其他東西是有重大關(guān)系的。

It's by week two that you should be saying things like: ‘me,' ‘this,' ‘you,' ‘that,' ‘give,' you know, ‘hot,' simple pronouns, simple nouns, simple verbs, simple adjectives, communicating like a baby.

第二周，你應(yīng)該會(huì)說(shuō)一些像“我”、“這個(gè)”、“你”、“那個(gè)”、“給”、“熱”，像個(gè)孩子一樣用這些簡(jiǎn)單的代詞、名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞來(lái)溝通。

And by the third or fourth week, you're getting into what I call glue words.

然后第三或第四周，你會(huì)進(jìn)入我稱為“膠水詞”的這部分。

‘Although,' ‘but,' ‘therefore,' these are logical transformers that tie bits of a language together, allowing you to make more complex meaning。

“雖然”、“但是”、“因此”，這些邏輯工具幫助你把語(yǔ)言的小塊緊密地結(jié)合在一起，讓你制造更多復(fù)雜的意思。

At that point you're talking。

在那個(gè)階段，你已經(jīng)進(jìn)入說(shuō)話的階段了！ 。

And when you're doing that, you should get yourself a language parent.

當(dāng)你這樣做的時(shí)候，你應(yīng)該給自己找位語(yǔ)言家長(zhǎng)。

If you look at how children and parents interact, you'll understand what this means.

如果你看看孩子和父母之間的互動(dòng)，你會(huì)明白這個(gè)什么意思的。

When a child is speaking, it'll be using simple words, simple combinations, sometimes quite strange, sometimes very strange pronunciation and other people from outside the family don't understand it.

當(dāng)一個(gè)孩子說(shuō)話，它會(huì)用簡(jiǎn)單的詞，簡(jiǎn)單的組合，而有時(shí)候會(huì)發(fā)生奇怪甚至是非常怪的聲音，如果不是家里人根本就不懂它在說(shuō)什么。

But the parents do.

但是父母卻知道。

And so the kid has a safe environment, gets confidence.

因此，孩子有個(gè)安全的環(huán)境，然后變得有自信。

The parents talk to the children with body language and with simple language which they know the child understands.

父母用孩子可以理解的身體語(yǔ)言和簡(jiǎn)單句子跟他們說(shuō)話。

So we have a comprehensible input environment that's safe, we know it works otherwise none of you would speak your mother tongue.

因此我們有一個(gè)很安全的可明白輸入的環(huán)境。我們知道這個(gè)有用，不然的話我們都不會(huì)說(shuō)自己的母語(yǔ)。

15:55 So you get yourself a language parent, who's somebody interested in you as a person who will communicate with you essentially as an equal, but pay attention to help you understand the message.

因此你可以給自己找個(gè)語(yǔ)言家長(zhǎng)，他是對(duì)你感興趣的一個(gè)人，可以跟你溝通得上的，也可以是能夠幫助你理解的同齡人。

There are four rules of a language parent.

語(yǔ)言家長(zhǎng)有四個(gè)規(guī)則。

Spouses by the way are not very good at this, okay?

順便說(shuō)一下，配偶在這里沒(méi)有那么好，明白嗎？

But the four rules are, first of all, they will work hard to understand what you mean even when you're way off beat.

那么4條規(guī)則是，第一，他們會(huì)盡可能地理解你的意思，哪怕你脫離節(jié)拍。

Secondly, they will never correct your mistakes.

第二，他們從來(lái)不會(huì)糾正你的錯(cuò)誤。

Thirdly they will feed back their understanding of what you are saying so you can respond appropriately and get that feedback and then they will use words that you know.

第三，他們會(huì)理解你說(shuō)的話并給出反饋，好讓你適當(dāng)?shù)鼗貞?yīng)并獲得反饋，并且他們也是說(shuō)你知道的單詞。

The sixth thing you have to do, is copy the face.

第六件事你需要做的就是模仿面部表情。

You've got to get the muscles working right, so you can sound in a way that people will understand you.

你需要把肌肉部位用得準(zhǔn)確，別人才可以聽(tīng)明白你發(fā)出的聲音。

There's a couple of things you do.

達(dá)到此目的，你需要做幾件事情。

One is that you hear how it feels, and feel how it sounds which means you have a feedback loop operating in your face, but ideally if you can look at a native speaker and just observe how they use their face, let your unconscious mind absorb the rules, then you're going to be able to pick it up.

第一，聽(tīng)它是什么感覺(jué)的并感覺(jué)它是怎樣發(fā)出聲音的，從你的臉上獲得反饋。如果條件理想的話，你可以看著母語(yǔ)者并觀察他們的面部，讓你下意識(shí)地吸收這些規(guī)則，然后你將能夠獲取到它。

And if you c

an't get a native speaker to look at, you can use stuff like this: [slides].

如果你沒(méi)有母語(yǔ)者可以看著學(xué)習(xí)的話，你可以用像這樣的東西。

And the final idea here, the final action you need to take is something that I call “direct connect.”

最后一個(gè)行動(dòng)是你需要“直接聯(lián)系”。

What does this mean?

什么意思呢？

Well most people learning a second language sort of take the mother tongue words and take the target words and go over them again and again in their mind to try and remember them.

大多數(shù)人學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)幾乎都是用母語(yǔ)的單詞對(duì)照目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言，反復(fù)地在心中念并嘗試記住它們。

Really inefficient.

這樣做效率真的很低。

What you need to do is realize that everything you know is an image inside your mind, it's feelings,

你需要做的是意識(shí)到你所知道的事情在你的腦海里都有一個(gè)畫(huà)面和感覺(jué)。

if you talk about fire you can smell the smoke you can hear the crackling, you can see the flames,

如果你說(shuō)到“火”，你可以聞到那個(gè)煙味，你可以聽(tīng)到那燃燒的爆裂聲，你可以看到那火焰，

so what you do, is you go into that imagery and all of that memory and you come out with another pathway.

所以你需要做的是進(jìn)入那些意象和有關(guān)的所有的記憶力，然后從另一條通道出來(lái)。

So I call it ‘same box, different path.'

我把這叫做“殊途同歸”(同一個(gè)盒子，不同的路)。

You come out of that pathway, you build it over time you become more and more skilled at just connecting the new sounds to those images that you already have, into that internal representation.

你從那條通道出來(lái)，你將建立這種技能并且越來(lái)越熟練地把新的聲音連接到你心里已經(jīng)知道的畫(huà)面去。

And over time you even become naturally good at that process, that becomes unconscious.

往后你甚至很擅長(zhǎng)走這個(gè)過(guò)程，甚至是無(wú)意識(shí)的。

So, there are five principles that you need to work with, seven actions, if you do any of them, you're going to improve。

因此，你需要運(yùn)用的那5個(gè)原則和7個(gè)行動(dòng)，如果你運(yùn)用其中任何一個(gè)，都將得到進(jìn)步。

And remember these are things under your control as the learner.

并且記住，作為學(xué)習(xí)者，這些事情都在你的掌控之下。

Do them all and you're going to be fluent in a second language in six months.

如果你做到以上全部，你將會(huì)在六個(gè)月內(nèi)學(xué)會(huì)流利的外語(yǔ)。

Thank you.

謝謝。