第五十二條 【訴請(qǐng)變更】原告可以放棄或者變更訴訟請(qǐng)求。被告可以承認(rèn)或者反駁訴訟請(qǐng)求，有權(quán)提起反訴。

Article 52 The plaintiff may relinquish or modify his claim. The defendant may confirm or repudiate the claim and shall have the right to file a counterclaim.

第五十三條 【共同訴訟】當(dāng)事人一方或者雙方為二人以上，其訴訟標(biāo)的是共同的，或者訴訟標(biāo)的是同一種類、人民法院認(rèn)為可以合并審理并經(jīng)當(dāng)事人同意的，為共同訴訟。

共同訴訟的一方當(dāng)事人對(duì)訴訟標(biāo)的有共同權(quán)利義務(wù)的，其中一人的訴訟行為經(jīng)其他共同訴訟人承認(rèn)，對(duì)其他共同訴訟人發(fā)生效力;對(duì)訴訟標(biāo)的沒有共同權(quán)利義務(wù)的，其中一人的訴訟行為對(duì)其他共同訴訟人不發(fā)生效力。

Article 53 When one party or both parties consist of two or more persons and the subject matter of the action is the same or under the same category, the people’s court may adjudicate them together upon the consent of all the parties. Such adjudication is called joint litigation.

If a party of two or more persons of a joint litigation who have the common rights and obligations with respect to the subject matter of action and the act of any of them is recognized by the others of the party, such an act shall bind the rest of the party; if a party of two or more persons have no common rights and obligations with respect to the subject matter of action, any acts taken by any one of them shall not bind the rest of the party.

第五十四條 【代表人訴訟】當(dāng)事人一方人數(shù)眾多的共同訴訟，可以由當(dāng)事人推選代表人進(jìn)行訴訟。代表人的訴訟行為對(duì)其所代表的當(dāng)事人發(fā)生效力，但代表人變更、放棄訴訟請(qǐng)求或者承認(rèn)對(duì)方當(dāng)事人的訴訟請(qǐng)求，進(jìn)行和解，必須經(jīng)被代表的當(dāng)事人同意。

Article 54 A joint litigation in which one party has numerous litigants may be brought by the representatives elected by the litigants of the party. The act of litigation taken by these representatives shall bind all litigants of the party whom they represent. However, any substitution of representatives, relinquishing claims, acceptance of claims of the opposing party, or negotiating settlement shall be approved by the litigants of the party.

第五十五條 【集團(tuán)訴訟】訴訟標(biāo)的是同一種類、當(dāng)事人一方人數(shù)眾多在起訴時(shí)人數(shù)尚未確定的，人民法院可以發(fā)出公告，說明案件情況和訴訟請(qǐng)求，通知權(quán)利人在一定期間向人民法院登記。

向人民法院登記的權(quán)利人可以推選代表人進(jìn)行訴訟;推選不出代表人的，人民法院可以與參加登記的權(quán)利人商定代表人。

代表人的訴訟行為對(duì)其所代表的當(dāng)事人發(fā)生效力，但代表人變更、放棄訴訟請(qǐng)求或者承認(rèn)對(duì)方當(dāng)事人的訴訟請(qǐng)求，進(jìn)行和解，必須經(jīng)被代表的當(dāng)事人同意。

人民法院作出的判決、裁定，對(duì)參加登記的全體權(quán)利人發(fā)生效力。未參加登記的權(quán)利人在訴訟時(shí)效期間提起訴訟的，適用該判決、裁定。

Article 55 Where the subject matters of an action is under the same category and one of the parties has numerous litigants but the exact number of the litigants is uncertain when the lawsuit is filed, the people’s court may issue a public notice to explain the nature of the case and the claims of the litigation and informing those interested persons who are entitled to the claim to register their rights with the people’s court within a fixed period of time.

Those who have registered their rights with the people’s court may elect representatives from among themselves to proceed with the litigation; if the election fails its purpose, such representatives may be determined by the people’s court through consultation with those who have registered their rights with the court.

The acts of litigation taken by these representatives shall bind all litigants of the party whom they represent. However, any substitution of representatives, relinquishing claims, acceptance of claims of the opposing party, or negotiating settlement shall be approved by the litigants of the party.

The judgments or written orders rendered by the people’s court shall bind all those interested persons who have registered their rights with the court. Such judgments or written orders shall apply to those who have not registered their rights but have instituted legal proceedings during the time of the statute of limitation.

第五十六條 【訴訟第三人】對(duì)當(dāng)事人雙方的訴訟標(biāo)的，第三人認(rèn)為有獨(dú)立請(qǐng)求權(quán)的，有權(quán)提起訴訟。

對(duì)當(dāng)事人雙方的訴訟標(biāo)的，第三人雖然沒有獨(dú)立請(qǐng)求權(quán)，但案件處理結(jié)果同他有法律上的利害關(guān)系的，可以申請(qǐng)參加訴訟，或者由人民法院通知他參加訴訟。人民法院判決承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任的第三人，有當(dāng)事人的訴訟權(quán)利義務(wù)。

Article 56 If a third party considers that he has the independent right to claim the subject matter of the action of both parties, he shall have the right to bring an action.

If a third party does not have the independent right to claim the subject matter of the action of both parties but the outcome of the case will affect his legal interest, it may file a request to join the litigation or the people’s court may notify him to join the litigation. If a people’s court holds a third party to bear a civil liability, such a third party shall have the litigation rights as a party to the litigation.

第二節(jié) 訴訟代理人

Section 2 Litigation Representatives

第五十七條 【法定代理人】無訴訟行為能力人由他的監(jiān)護(hù)人作為法定代理人代為訴訟。法定代理人之間互相推諉代理責(zé)任的，由人民法院指定其中一人代為訴訟。

Article 57 For litigation-incompetent persons, their guardians shall be their legal representative in their litigations. If all legal representatives try to avoid their duties of representation, the people’s court may appoint one of them as the litigation represent.

第五十八條 【委托代理人】當(dāng)事人、法定代理人可以委托一至二人作為訴訟代理人。

律師、當(dāng)事人的近親屬、有關(guān)的社會(huì)團(tuán)體或者所在單位推薦的人、經(jīng)人民法院許可的其他公民，都可以被委托為訴訟代理人。

Article 58 Each party or legal representative may appoint one or two persons to act as his litigation representatives.

Lawyers, a party’s near relatives, persons recommended by relevant public organizations or the units to which a party belongs, or any other citizens approved by a people’s court may be entrusted as the party’s litigation representatives.

第五十九條 【授權(quán)委托書】委托他人代為訴訟，必須向人民法院提交由委托人簽名或者蓋章的授權(quán)委托書。

授權(quán)委托書必須記明委托事項(xiàng)和權(quán)限。訴訟代理人代為承認(rèn)、放棄、變更訴訟請(qǐng)求，進(jìn)行和解，提起反訴或者上訴，必須有委托人的特別授權(quán)。

僑居在國(guó)外的中華人民共和國(guó)公民從國(guó)外寄交或者托交的授權(quán)委托書，必須經(jīng)中華人民共和國(guó)駐該國(guó)的使領(lǐng)館證明;沒有使領(lǐng)館的，由與中華人民共和國(guó)有外交關(guān)系的第三國(guó)駐該國(guó)的使領(lǐng)館證明，再轉(zhuǎn)由中華人民共和國(guó)駐該第三國(guó)使領(lǐng)館證明，或者由當(dāng)?shù)氐膼蹏?guó)華僑團(tuán)體證明。

Article 59 When a party entrusts a person to be his litigation representative, he shall submit a power of attorney bearing his signature or seal to the people’s court.

The power of attorney must specify the matters and authority scopes entrusted. A litigation representative must possess special authorization from his principal to be able to accept, relinquish, or modify the claim, to reach a settlement, or bring a counterclaim or an appeal.

When a citizen of the People’s Republic of China, who is residing abroad, mails or entrusts someone to deliver a power of attorney to China, he shall have the power of attorney certified by the Chinese embassy or consulate to that country. If there is no Chinese embassy or consulate in that country, he shall have the power of attorney certified by an embassy or a consulate of a third country, which has diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China and is stationed in the country, and then be transferred to the embassy or consulate of the People’s Republic of China stationed in that third state for verification; he may have the power of attorney certified by a local patriotic overseas Chinese organization.

第六十條 【代理權(quán)變更、解除】訴訟代理人的權(quán)限如果變更或者解除，當(dāng)事人應(yīng)當(dāng)書面告知人民法院，并由人民法院通知對(duì)方當(dāng)事人。

Article 60 A party who changes or revokes the authority of his litigation representative shall inform the people’s court in writing and the court shall notify the other party of the change or revocation.

第六十一條 【代理人權(quán)利】代理訴訟的律師和其他訴訟代理人有權(quán)調(diào)查收集證據(jù)，可以查閱本案有關(guān)材料。查閱本案有關(guān)材料的范圍和辦法由最高人民法院規(guī)定。

Article 61 Lawyers who serve as litigation representatives or other litigation representatives shall have the right to investigate and collect evidence, and may consult relevant materials to the case. The scopes and measures of consulting relevant materials to a case shall be regulated by the Supreme People’s Court.

第六十二條 【離婚訴訟代理】離婚案件有訴訟代理人的，本人除不能表達(dá)意志的以外，仍應(yīng)出庭;確因特殊情況無法出庭的，必須向人民法院提交書面意見。

Article 62 For a divorce case in which a party has appointed a litigation representative, that party shall appear in court in person unless he is incapable of expressing his own opinion. A party who is truly unable to appear in court due to a special reason shall submit his opinion in writing to the people’s court.

第六章 證 據(jù)

Chapter 6 Evidence

第六十三條 【證據(jù)種類】證據(jù)有下列幾種：

(一)書證;

(二)物證;

(三)視聽資料;

(四)證人證言;

(五)當(dāng)事人的陳述;

(六)鑒定結(jié)論;

(七)勘驗(yàn)筆錄。

以上證據(jù)必須查證屬實(shí)，才能作為認(rèn)定事實(shí)的根據(jù)。

Article 63 Evidence shall be classified as follows:

(1)documentary evidence;

(2)physical evidence;

(3)audio and visual material;

(4)testimony of witnesses;

(5)statements of involving parties;

(6)conclusions of expert witnesses; and

(7)transcripts of inspection and examination.

Any of the above-mentioned evidence must be verified before it can be taken as a basis for finding a fact.

第六十四條 【舉證責(zé)任】當(dāng)事人對(duì)自己提出的主張，有責(zé)任提供證據(jù)。

當(dāng)事人及其訴訟代理人因客觀原因不能自行收集的證據(jù)，或者人民法院認(rèn)為審理案件需要的證據(jù)，人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)調(diào)查收集。

人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)按照法定程序，全面地、客觀地審查核實(shí)證據(jù)。

Article 64 A party shall have the responsibility to provide evidence in support of its own propositions.

For the evidence that cannot be obtained by any parties or their litigation representatives because of some realistic reasons or for the evidence that the people’s court considers necessary for adjudicating the case, the people’s court shall investigate and collect such evidence.

The people’s court shall, according to the procedure prescribed by law, collect and examine evidence comprehensively and objectively.

第六十五條 【查證責(zé)任】人民法院有權(quán)向有關(guān)單位和個(gè)人調(diào)查取證，有關(guān)單位和個(gè)人不得拒絕。

人民法院對(duì)有關(guān)單位和個(gè)人提出的證明文書，應(yīng)當(dāng)辨別真?zhèn)?，審查確定其效力。

Article 65 The people’s court shall have the authority to obtain evidence from any relevant units or individuals, and such units or individuals may not refuse to provide evidence.

The people’s court shall verify and determine the validity of documentary evidence provided by relevant units or individuals.

第六十六條 【證據(jù)審查】證據(jù)應(yīng)當(dāng)在法庭上出示，并由當(dāng)事人互相質(zhì)證。對(duì)涉及國(guó)家秘密、商業(yè)秘密和個(gè)人隱私的證據(jù)應(yīng)當(dāng)保密，需要在法庭出示的，不得在公開開庭時(shí)出示。

Article 66 Evidence shall be presented in the court and cross-examined by parties, however, evidence that involves state secrets, trade secrets, or individual privacy shall not be presented in an open court session.

第六十七條 【公證證據(jù)】經(jīng)過法定程序公證證明的法律行為、法律事實(shí)和文書，人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)作為認(rèn)定事實(shí)的根據(jù)。但有相反證據(jù)足以推翻公證證明的除外。

Article 67 The people’s court shall admit the legal acts, legal facts and documents that are notarized according to legal procedures as a basis for finding facts, except when there is contrary evidence that is sufficient to invalidate the notarization.

第六十八條 【書證物證】書證應(yīng)當(dāng)提交原件。物證應(yīng)當(dāng)提交原物。提交原件或者原物確有困難的，可以提交復(fù)制品、照片、副本、節(jié)錄本。

提交外文書證，必須附有中文譯本。

Article 68 Any document submitted as evidence shall be the original one. Physical evidence shall also be original. If it is truly difficult to present the original document or physical evidence, then duplications, photographs, copies, or extracts of the original evidence may be admitted.

If a document in a foreign language is submitted as evidence, a Chinese translation shall be appended.

第六十九條 【視聽資料】人民法院對(duì)視聽資料，應(yīng)當(dāng)辨別真?zhèn)?，并結(jié)合本案的其他證據(jù)，審查確定能否作為認(rèn)定事實(shí)的根據(jù)。

Article 69 The people’s court shall authenticate audio and visual materials and decide whether they can be admitted as a basis for finding the facts after examining them and comparing them with other evidence of the same case.

第七十條 【證人條件、義務(wù)】凡是知道案件情況的單位和個(gè)人，都有義務(wù)出庭作證。有關(guān)單位的負(fù)責(zé)人應(yīng)當(dāng)支持證人作證。證人確有困難不能出庭的，經(jīng)人民法院許可，可以提交書面證言。

不能正確表達(dá)意志的人，不能作證。

Article 70 All units and individuals who have information about a case shall have the obligation to testify in court. The responsible persons of relevant units shall encourage the witnesses to give testimony. When it is truly too difficult for a witness to appear in court, he may, with the approval of the people’s court, submit a written testimony.

Any person who is incapable of expressing his opinion properly shall not testify.

第七十一條 【當(dāng)事人陳述】人民法院對(duì)當(dāng)事人的陳述，應(yīng)當(dāng)結(jié)合本案的其他證據(jù)，審查確定能否作為認(rèn)定事實(shí)的根據(jù)。

當(dāng)事人拒絕陳述的，不影響人民法院根據(jù)證據(jù)認(rèn)定案件事實(shí)。

Article 71 The people’s court shall examine the statements of the parties in connection with other evidence of the case to decide whether such statements can be taken as a basis for finding the facts.

The refusal of a party to make a statement shall not prevent the people’s court from finding the facts of a case based on other evidence.

第七十二條 【鑒定結(jié)論】人民法院對(duì)專門性問題認(rèn)為需要鑒定的，應(yīng)當(dāng)交由法定鑒定部門鑒定;沒有法定鑒定部門的，由人民法院指定的鑒定部門鑒定。

鑒定部門及其指定的鑒定人有權(quán)了解進(jìn)行鑒定所需要的案件材料，必要時(shí)可以詢問當(dāng)事人、證人。

鑒定部門和鑒定人應(yīng)當(dāng)提出書面鑒定結(jié)論，在鑒定書上簽名或者蓋章。鑒定人鑒定的，應(yīng)當(dāng)由鑒定人所在單位加蓋印章，證明鑒定人身份。

Article 72 When a people’s court deems it necessary to make an evaluation of a specialized issue, it shall refer the issue to an authentication department authorized by law for the evaluation. In the absence of such department, the people’s court shall appoint an authentication department to make the evaluation.

The authentication department and the expert witness designated by the department shall have the right to consult the case materials necessary for the evaluation and direct inquiries to the parties and witnesses when circumstances require.

An authentication department and expert witness shall present its or his conclusion of the evaluation in writing and sign it or put his seal on it. With respect to an evaluation made by an expert witness, the unit to which the expert witness belongs shall certify his status by affixing its seal to the expert conclusion.

第七十三條 【勘驗(yàn)程序】勘驗(yàn)物證或者現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，勘驗(yàn)人必須出示人民法院的證件，并邀請(qǐng)當(dāng)?shù)鼗鶎咏M織或者當(dāng)事人所在單位派人參加。當(dāng)事人或者當(dāng)事人的成年家屬應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)綀?chǎng)，拒不到場(chǎng)的，不影響勘驗(yàn)的進(jìn)行。

有關(guān)單位和個(gè)人根據(jù)人民法院的通知，有義務(wù)保護(hù)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，協(xié)助勘驗(yàn)工作。

勘驗(yàn)人應(yīng)當(dāng)將勘驗(yàn)情況和結(jié)果制作筆錄，由勘驗(yàn)人、當(dāng)事人和被邀參加人簽名或者蓋章。

Article 73 When inspecting or examining physical evidence on site, the inspector must show his credentials issued by a people’s court. He shall invite the local basic organization or the relevant unit to send personnel to participate in the inspection. The parties concerned or the adult members of their families shall be present; however, their refusal to appear on the scene shall not prevent the inspection from proceeding.

Upon notification by the people’s court, the relevant units and individuals shall have the obligation to preserve the site and provide assistance for the inspection.

The inspector and examiner shall prepare a written record for the circumstances and results of the inspection or examination. The inspector, examiner, the party concerned and the invited participants shall affix their signatures or seals to the record.

第七十四條 【證據(jù)保全】在證據(jù)可能滅失或者以后難以取得的情況下，訴訟參加人可以向人民法院申請(qǐng)保全證據(jù)，人民法院也可以主動(dòng)采取保全措施。

Article 74 Under circumstances where there is a likely-hood that evidence may be destroyed, lost or too difficult to obtain later on, any litigation participants may apply to the people’s court for the preservation of the evidence. The people’s court may also take initiative to preserve such evidence.

第七章 期間、送達(dá)

Chapter 7 Time Periods and Service

第一節(jié) 期 間

Section 1 Time Periods

第七十五條 【期間種類和計(jì)算】期間包括法定期間和人民法院指定的期間。

期間以時(shí)、日、月、年計(jì)算。期間開始的時(shí)和日，不計(jì)算在期間內(nèi)。

期間屆滿的最后一日是節(jié)假日的，以節(jié)假日后的第一日為期間屆滿的日期。

期間不包括在途時(shí)間，訴訟文書在期滿前交郵的，不算過期。

Article 75 Time periods shall include those prescribed by law and those designated by a people’s court.

Time periods shall be computed by hour, day, month, and year. The hour and day from which a time period begins shall not be computed as within that time period.

If the expiration date of a time period falls on a holiday, the day immediately following the holiday shall be regarded as the expiration date.

A statutory time period shall not include the time spent in transmittal of documents. A litigation document that is mailed before a deadline shall not be regarded as overdue.

第七十六條 【期間耽誤和順延】當(dāng)事人因不可抗拒的事由或者其他正當(dāng)理由耽誤期限的，在障礙消除后的十日內(nèi)，可以申請(qǐng)順延期限，是否準(zhǔn)許，由人民法院決定。

Article 76 If a party fails to meet a deadline due to reasons beyond his control or other justifiable reasons, he may petition for an extension of the time limit within 10 days after the obstacle is removed. The requested extension shall be subject to approval by a people’s court.

第二節(jié) 送 達(dá)

Section 2 Service

第七十七條 【送達(dá)回證】送達(dá)訴訟文書必須有送達(dá)回證，由受送達(dá)人在送達(dá)回證上記明收到日期，簽名或者蓋章。

受送達(dá)人在送達(dá)回證上的簽收日期為送達(dá)日期。

Article 77 A receipt shall be required for every litigation document that is served and it shall bear the signature or seal of the recipient of the service and the date of receipt.

The date of receipt as signed by the recipient of the service shall be regarded as the date the document is served.

第七十八條 【直接送達(dá)】送達(dá)訴訟文書，應(yīng)當(dāng)直接送交受送達(dá)人。受送達(dá)人是公民的，本人不在交他的同住成年家屬簽收;受送達(dá)人是法人或者其他組織的，應(yīng)當(dāng)由法人的法定代表人、其他組織的主要負(fù)責(zé)人或者該法人、組織負(fù)責(zé)收件的人簽收;受送達(dá)人有訴訟代理人的，可以送交其代理人簽收;受送達(dá)人已向人民法院指定代收人的，送交代收人簽收。

受送達(dá)人的同住成年家屬，法人或者其他組織的負(fù)責(zé)收件的人，訴訟代理人或者代收人在送達(dá)回證上簽收的日期為送達(dá)日期。

Article 78 Litigation documents shall be served directly on the recipient of the service. If the recipient of the service is a citizen, the documents may, in the case of his absence, be served on an adult member of the recipient’s family who lives with him. If the recipient of the service is a legal person or any other organization, the document shall be served on the legal representatives of the legal person, the principal leading personnel of any other organization, the personnel of the legal person or any other organization in charge of receiving such documents; If the recipient of the service has a litigation representative, the documents may be served on the litigation representative. If the recipient of the service has designated an agent to receive his litigation documents and has informed the people’s court of it, the documents may be served on the agent.

The date of receipt as signed by the adult family member living with the recipient of service, or persons in charge of receiving documents of the legal persons or other organizations, or litigation representative, or agents designated to receive his documents shall be regarded as the date the document is served.

第七十九條 【留置送達(dá)】受送達(dá)人或者他的同住成年家屬拒絕接收訴訟文書的，送達(dá)人應(yīng)當(dāng)邀請(qǐng)有關(guān)基層組織或者所在單位的代表到場(chǎng)，說明情況，在送達(dá)回證上記明拒收事由和日期，由送達(dá)人、見證人簽名或者蓋章，把訴訟文書留在受送達(dá)人的住所，即視為送達(dá)。

Article 79 If the recipient of a service or any of his adult family members living with him refuses to accept a legal document, the person serving the document shall ask the representatives of the relevant basic organization or unit to which the recipient of the service belongs to appear on the scene, explain the situation to them, and record the reasons of the refusal and the date on the receipt. After the person serving the document and the witnesses have affixed their signatures or seals on the receipt, the document may be left at the place where the recipient of the service stays and the service shall be considered completed.

第八十條 【委托及郵寄送達(dá)】直接送達(dá)訴訟文書有困難的，可以委托其他人民法院代為送達(dá)，或者郵寄送達(dá)。郵寄送達(dá)的，以回執(zhí)上注明的收件日期為送達(dá)日期。

Article 80 If direct delivery service of a litigation document proves too difficult, such a service may be entrusted to the other people’s court, or it may be served by postal service. If a document is served by post, the date as stated on the receipt shall be regarded as the date the document is served.

第八十一條 【轉(zhuǎn)交送達(dá)之一】受送達(dá)人是軍人的，通過其所在部隊(duì)團(tuán)以上單位的政治機(jī)關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)交。

Article 81 If the recipient of a service is in the military, the document shall be forwarded to him via the political organ at or above the regimen level in the unit to which the recipient belongs.

第八十二條 【轉(zhuǎn)交送達(dá)之二】受送達(dá)人是被監(jiān)禁的，通過其所在監(jiān)所或者勞動(dòng)改造單位轉(zhuǎn)交。

受送達(dá)人是被勞動(dòng)教養(yǎng)的，通過其所在勞動(dòng)教養(yǎng)單位轉(zhuǎn)交。

Article 82 If the recipient of the service is undergoing imprisonment, the document shall be forwarded to him via the prison or the unit of rehabilitation through labor where he is serving his sentence.

If the recipient of the service is undergoing reeducation through labor, the document shall be forwarded to him via the unit supervising his reeducation through labor.

第八十三條 【轉(zhuǎn)交送達(dá)期間】代為轉(zhuǎn)交的機(jī)關(guān)、單位收到訴訟文書后，必須立即交受送達(dá)人簽收，以在送達(dá)回證上的簽收日期，為送達(dá)日期。

Article 83 Any organization or unit that receives a litigation document to be forwarded must immediately deliver it to the recipient of the service for a receipt. The date as stated on the receipt shall be regarded as the date the document is served.

第八十四條 【公告送達(dá)】受送達(dá)人下落不明，或者用本節(jié)規(guī)定的其他方式無法送達(dá)的，公告送達(dá)。自發(fā)出公告之日起，經(jīng)過六十日，即視為送達(dá)。

公告送達(dá)，應(yīng)當(dāng)在案卷中記明原因和經(jīng)過。

Article 84 If the whereabouts of a recipient is unknown, or if a document cannot be served by the other methods prescribed in this section, the document shall be served by public announcement. Sixty days after the date of the public announcement, the document shall be deemed to have been served.

The reasons for service by public announcement and the procedures taken shall be recorded in the case files.

第八章 調(diào) 解

Chapter 8 Mediation

第八十五條 【調(diào)解的原則】人民法院審理民事案件，根據(jù)當(dāng)事人自愿的原則，在事實(shí)清楚的基礎(chǔ)上，分清是非，進(jìn)行調(diào)解。

Article 85 In handling civil cases, the people’s court may distinguish between right and wrong and mediate disputes according to the principle of parties’ voluntariness and based on clear facts.

第八十六條 【調(diào)解組織形式】人民法院進(jìn)行調(diào)解，可以由審判員一人主持，也可以由合議庭主持，并盡可能就地進(jìn)行。

人民法院進(jìn)行調(diào)解，可以用簡(jiǎn)便方式通知當(dāng)事人、證人到庭。

Article 86 When a people’s court conducts mediation, a single judge or a collegial bench may preside in the mediation. Mediations shall be conducted locally whenever possible.

When a people’s court conducts mediation, it may employ simplified methods to notify the parties and witnesses to appear in court.

第八十七條 【協(xié)助調(diào)解】人民法院進(jìn)行調(diào)解，可以邀請(qǐng)有關(guān)單位和個(gè)人協(xié)助。被邀請(qǐng)的單位和個(gè)人，應(yīng)當(dāng)協(xié)助人民法院進(jìn)行調(diào)解。

Article 87 When a people’s court conducts mediation, it may request assistance from relevant units or individuals. The invited units or individuals shall assist the people’s court in mediation.

第八十八條 【調(diào)解協(xié)議】調(diào)解達(dá)成協(xié)議，必須雙方自愿，不得強(qiáng)迫。調(diào)解協(xié)議的內(nèi)容不得違反法律規(guī)定。

Article 88 A mediation agreement must be based on voluntariness of both parties, and shall not be reached through compulsion. The content of the mediation agreement may not contravene the law.

第八十九條 【調(diào)解書】調(diào)解達(dá)成協(xié)議，人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)制作調(diào)解書。調(diào)解書應(yīng)當(dāng)寫明訴訟請(qǐng)求、案件的事實(shí)和調(diào)解結(jié)果。

調(diào)解書由審判人員、書記員署名，加蓋人民法院印章，送達(dá)雙方當(dāng)事人。

調(diào)解書經(jīng)雙方當(dāng)事人簽收后，即具有法律效力。

Article 89 When a mediation agreement is reached, the people’s court shall draw up a written mediation agreement. A mediation agreement shall clearly set forth the claims of the action, the facts about the case, and the result of the mediation.

The mediation statement shall be signed by the judge and the court clerk, sealed by the people’s court, and served on both parties.

Once the mediation agreement is signed and exchanged by both parties, it shall become legally binding.

第九十條 【不制作調(diào)解書】下列案件調(diào)解達(dá)成協(xié)議，人民法院可以不制作調(diào)解書：

(一)調(diào)解和好的離婚案件;

(二)調(diào)解維持收養(yǎng)關(guān)系的案件;

(三)能夠即時(shí)履行的案件;

(四)其他不需要制作調(diào)解書的案件。

對(duì)不需要制作調(diào)解書的協(xié)議，應(yīng)當(dāng)記入筆錄，由雙方當(dāng)事人、審判人員、書記員簽名或者蓋章后，即具有法律效力。

Article 90 The people’s court need not draw up a mediation agreement for the following cases when an agreement is reached through mediation:

(1)Divorce cases in which both parties have become reconciled after mediation;

(2)Adoption cases in which adoptive relationship has been retained through mediation;

(3)Cases in which the claims can be immediately satisfied; and

(4)Other cases that do not require mediation statements.

Any agreement that does not require a mediation agreement shall be entered into the transcript and become legally effective after the transcript is signed or sealed by both parties, the judge, and the court clerk.

第九十一條 【調(diào)解失敗】調(diào)解未達(dá)成協(xié)議或者調(diào)解書送達(dá)前一方反悔的，人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)判決。

Article 91If no agreement is reached through mediation or if one party retracts his reconciliation before the mediation agreement is served, the people’s court shall render a judgment without delay.

第九章 財(cái)產(chǎn)保全和先予執(zhí)行

Chapter 9 Property Preservation and Advance Enforcement

第九十二條 【適用條件和程序】人民法院對(duì)于可能因當(dāng)事人一方的行為或者其他原因，使判決不能執(zhí)行或者難以執(zhí)行的案件，可以根據(jù)對(duì)方當(dāng)事人的申請(qǐng)，作出財(cái)產(chǎn)保全的裁定;當(dāng)事人沒有提出申請(qǐng)的，人民法院在必要時(shí)也可以裁定采取財(cái)產(chǎn)保全措施。

人民法院采取財(cái)產(chǎn)保全措施，可以責(zé)令申請(qǐng)人提供擔(dān)保;申請(qǐng)人不提供擔(dān)保的，駁回申請(qǐng)。

人民法院接受申請(qǐng)后，對(duì)情況緊急的，必須在四十八小時(shí)內(nèi)作出裁定;裁定采取財(cái)產(chǎn)保全措施的，應(yīng)當(dāng)立即開始執(zhí)行。

Article 92 If it becomes impossible or difficult to enforce a judgment because of the acts taken by one of the parties or for other reasons, the people’s court may, upon the request of the other party, make an order to preserve the property. In the absence of such requests, the people’s court may, when necessary, also order to adopt property preservation measures.

When a people’s court has decided to adopt property preservation, it may instruct the applicant to provide a surety; if the applicant fails to do so, his application may be rejected.

After receiving a party’s application, if the case is urgent, the people’s court must make an order regarding property preservation within 48 hours; if a people’s court makes an order for property preservation, it shall enforce the preservation immediately.

第九十三條 【訴前財(cái)產(chǎn)保全】利害關(guān)系人因情況緊急，不立即申請(qǐng)財(cái)產(chǎn)保全將會(huì)使其合法權(quán)益受到難以彌補(bǔ)的損害的，可以在起訴前向人民法院申請(qǐng)采取財(cái)產(chǎn)保全措施。申請(qǐng)人應(yīng)當(dāng)提供擔(dān)保，不提供擔(dān)保的，駁回申請(qǐng)。

人民法院接受申請(qǐng)后，必須在四十八小時(shí)內(nèi)作出裁定;裁定采取財(cái)產(chǎn)保全措施的，應(yīng)當(dāng)立即開始執(zhí)行。

申請(qǐng)人在人民法院采取保全措施后十五日內(nèi)不起訴的，人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)解除財(cái)產(chǎn)保全。

Article 93 Any interested party whose lawful rights and interests, due to urgent circumstances, would suffer from un-remediable harms if he fails to petition for property preservation immediately, may, before filing the lawsuit, petition to the people’s court for the adoption of property preservation measures. The petitioner shall provide a surety; if the petitioner fails to do so, his petition may be rejected.

After receiving a party’s petition for property preservation, the people’s court shall make a ruling within 48 hours; if property preservation is granted by a ruling, the preservation thereof shall be enforced immediately.

If the petitioner fails to file a lawsuit within 15 days after the people’s court has adopted the preservation measures, the people’s court shall cancel the property preservation.

第九十四條 【請(qǐng)求范圍及措施】財(cái)產(chǎn)保全限于請(qǐng)求的范圍，或者與本案有關(guān)的財(cái)物。

財(cái)產(chǎn)保全采取查封、扣押、凍結(jié)或者法律規(guī)定的其他方法。

人民法院凍結(jié)財(cái)產(chǎn)后，應(yīng)當(dāng)立即通知被凍結(jié)財(cái)產(chǎn)的人。

財(cái)產(chǎn)已被查封、凍結(jié)的，不得重復(fù)查封、凍結(jié)。

Article 94 Property preservation shall be limited to the scope of the claim or to the property related to the case.

The measures of property preservation may include seizure, detain, freeze, or other methods as prescribed by law.

When a people’s court freezes a property, it shall notify the person whose property is frozen.

Those properties that have already been seized, detained, or frozen shall not be seized or frozen again.

第九十五條 【保全解除】被申請(qǐng)人提供擔(dān)保的，人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)解除財(cái)產(chǎn)保全。

Article 95 If the defending party whose property is preserved provides a security, the people’s court shall cancel the property preservation.

第九十六條 【保全錯(cuò)誤補(bǔ)救】申請(qǐng)有錯(cuò)誤的，申請(qǐng)人應(yīng)當(dāng)賠償被申請(qǐng)人因財(cái)產(chǎn)保全所遭受的損失。

Article 96 Where a petition is wrongfully made, the petitioner shall compensate the defending party for any loss incurred from the property preservation.

第九十七條 【先予執(zhí)行范圍】人民法院對(duì)下列案件，根據(jù)當(dāng)事人的申請(qǐng)，可以裁定先予執(zhí)行：

(一)追索贍養(yǎng)費(fèi)、扶養(yǎng)費(fèi)、撫育費(fèi)、撫恤金、醫(yī)療費(fèi)用的;

(二)追索勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬的;

(三)因情況緊急需要先予執(zhí)行的。

Article 97 The people’s court may, at the request of a party, order the measures for the following cases to be enforced in advance:

(1)Cases involving claims of alimonies, supports for children or elders, pension for the disabled or the family of a decedent, or expenses for medical care;

(2)Cases involving claims of wages; and

(3)Cases involving urgent circumstances that require enforcement in advance.

第九十八條 【先予執(zhí)行條件】人民法院裁定先予執(zhí)行的，應(yīng)當(dāng)符合下列條件：

(一)當(dāng)事人之間權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系明確，不先予執(zhí)行將嚴(yán)重影響申請(qǐng)人的生活或者生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)的;

(二)被申請(qǐng)人有履行能力。

人民法院可以責(zé)令申請(qǐng)人提供擔(dān)保，申請(qǐng)人不提供擔(dān)保的，駁回申請(qǐng)。申請(qǐng)人敗訴的，應(yīng)當(dāng)賠償被申請(qǐng)人因先予執(zhí)行遭受的財(cái)產(chǎn)損失。

Article 98 The people’s court shall make sure the following conditions are met before making a ruling to enforce the property preservation in advance:

(1)The relationship of rights and obligations between the parties is definite, and the refusal of advance enforcement would seriously affect the life or business operation of petitioners; and

(2)The defending party whose property would be preserved is capable of fulfilling the obligations involved in the advance enforcement.

The people’s court may order the petitioners to provide sureties; if a petitioner fails to do so, his petition may be rejected. If the petitioner loses the lawsuit, he shall compensate the defending party whose property was preserved for any loss incurred from the advance enforcement.

第九十九條 【復(fù)議】當(dāng)事人對(duì)財(cái)產(chǎn)保全或者先予執(zhí)行的裁定不服的，可以申請(qǐng)復(fù)議一次。復(fù)議期間不停止裁定的執(zhí)行。

Article 99 If a party is not satisfied with an order on property preservation or advance enforcement, he may petition for reconsideration that can be granted only once. However, the enforcement of the order shall not be suspended during the time of reconsideration.

第十章 對(duì)妨害民事訴訟的強(qiáng)制措施

Chapter 10 Compulsory Measures against Obstruction of Civil Actions

第一百條 【拘傳適用】人民法院對(duì)必須到庭的被告，經(jīng)兩次傳票傳喚，無正當(dāng)理由拒不到庭的，可以拘傳。

Article 100 If a defendant who is required to appear in court has been served twice with subpoena but still refuses to appear in court without legitimate reason, the people’s court may summon him to court by force.

第一百零一條 【強(qiáng)制措施之一】訴訟參與人和其他人應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守法庭規(guī)則。

人民法院對(duì)違反法庭規(guī)則的人，可以予以訓(xùn)誡，責(zé)令退出法庭或者予以罰款、拘留。

人民法院對(duì)哄鬧、沖擊法庭，侮辱、誹謗、威脅、毆打?qū)徟腥藛T，嚴(yán)重?cái)_亂法庭秩序的人，依法追究刑事責(zé)任;情節(jié)較輕的，予以罰款、拘留。

Article 101 All litigation participants and other persons shall abide by the court rules.

For those persons who violate the court rules, the people’s courts may reprimand them, evict them from the courts, or impose a fine or detention on them.

For those persons who create uproars, disturb courtrooms, insult, slander, threat, or assault adjudicating personnel, or seriously disrupt the order of courtrooms, the people’s court shall investigate them for criminal liabilities according to law; if the circumstances are minor, a fine or detention may be imposed on the offender.

第一百零二條 【強(qiáng)制措施之二】訴訟參與人或者其他人有下列行為之一的，人民法院可以根據(jù)情節(jié)輕重予以罰款、拘留;構(gòu)成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責(zé)任：

(一)偽造、毀滅重要證據(jù)，妨礙人民法院審理案件的;

(二)以暴力、威脅、賄買方法阻止證人作證或者指使、賄買、脅迫他人作偽證的;

(三)隱藏、轉(zhuǎn)移、變賣、毀損已被查封、扣押的財(cái)產(chǎn)，或者已被清點(diǎn)并責(zé)令其保管的財(cái)產(chǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)移已被凍結(jié)的財(cái)產(chǎn)的;

(四)對(duì)司法工作人員、訴訟參加人、證人、翻譯人員、鑒定人、勘驗(yàn)人、協(xié)助執(zhí)行的人，進(jìn)行侮辱、誹謗、誣陷、毆打或者打擊報(bào)復(fù)的;

(五)以暴力、威脅或者其他方法阻礙司法工作人員執(zhí)行職務(wù)的;

(六)拒不履行人民法院已經(jīng)發(fā)生法律效力的判決、裁定的。

人民法院對(duì)有前款規(guī)定的行為之一的單位，可以對(duì)其主要負(fù)責(zé)人或者直接責(zé)任人員予以罰款、拘留;構(gòu)成犯罪的，依法追究刑事責(zé)任。

Article 102 Where any litigation participants or any other persons commit any of the following acts, the people’s courts shall impose a fine or detention on them based on the circumstances; if a crime is committed, the people’s court shall investigate them for criminal liabilities according to law.

(1)Forging or destroying significant evidence, which would obstruct the a people’s court’s adjudication of a case;

(2)Using violence, threats, or bribery to hinder a witness from giving testimony, or instigating, bribing, or coercing others to commit perjury;

(3)Concealing, transferring, selling, or destroying any properties that have been seized or detained, or any properties that have been inventoried and ordered by a court under the offenders’ custody, or transferring the property that has been frozen;

(4)Insulting, slandering, incriminating with false charges, beating up, or retaliating adjudicating personnel, litigation participants, witnesses, interpreters, experts witnesses, inspectors, or personnel assisting in enforcement; or

(5)Using violence, threats, or other means to hinder adjudicating personnel from performing their duties; or

(6)Refusing to comply with legally effective judgments or orders rendered by a people’s court.

Where a unit commits any of the following acts stipulated in the preceding paragraph, the people’s courts may impose a fine or detention on the principal leading personnel of the unit or the person directly responsible; if a crime is committed, the people’s court shall investigate them for criminal liabilities according to law.

第一百零三條 【強(qiáng)制措施之三】有義務(wù)協(xié)助調(diào)查、執(zhí)行的單位有下列行為之一的，人民法院除責(zé)令其履行協(xié)助義務(wù)外，并可以予以罰款：

(一)有關(guān)單位拒絕或者妨礙人民法院調(diào)查取證的;

(二)銀行、信用合作社和其他有儲(chǔ)蓄業(yè)務(wù)的單位接到人民法院協(xié)助執(zhí)行通知書后，拒不協(xié)助查詢、凍結(jié)或者劃撥存款的;

(三)有關(guān)單位接到人民法院協(xié)助執(zhí)行通知書后，拒不協(xié)助扣留被執(zhí)行人的收入、辦理有關(guān)財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)證照轉(zhuǎn)移手續(xù)、轉(zhuǎn)交有關(guān)票證、證照或者其他財(cái)產(chǎn)的;

(四)其他拒絕協(xié)助執(zhí)行的。

人民法院對(duì)有前款規(guī)定的行為之一的單位，可以對(duì)其主要負(fù)責(zé)人或者直接責(zé)任人員予以罰款;對(duì)仍不履行協(xié)助義務(wù)的，可以予以拘留;并可以向監(jiān)察機(jī)關(guān)或者有關(guān)機(jī)關(guān)提出予以紀(jì)律處分的司法建議。

Article 103 If a unit that has an obligation to assist in judicial investigation or enforcement commits any of the following acts, the people’s court may order the unit to perform its obligation but also impose a fine on the unit:

(1)Refusing or obstructing a people’s court from investigation or collecting evidence;

(2)Where the unit is a bank, credit union, or other institution engaging in saving deposit business, refusing to assist in inquiring, freezing, or transferring funds after receiving a notification from the people’s court for enforcement assistance;

(3)After receiving a notification on assistance in enforcement from the people’s court, refusing to assist in withholding the income of a defending party whom is ordered to pay or handling the transfer of property titles, relevant negotiable instruments, certificates and licenses, or other properties; or

(4)Refusing to provide other assistance in enforcement order by court.

With respect to a unit that commits any of the acts specified in the preceding paragraph, the people’s court may impose a fine on the principal leading personnel of the unit or the person directly responsible; and may detain them if they still fail to perform the obligation to provide assistance; and may also make judicial suggestions to the supervisory organ or other relevant organs on imposing a disciplinary sanction on the unit.

第一百零四條 【罰款、拘留適用】對(duì)個(gè)人的罰款金額，為人民幣一萬元以下。對(duì)單位的罰款金額，為人民幣一萬元以上三十萬元以下。

拘留的期限，為十五日以下。

被拘留的人，由人民法院交公安機(jī)關(guān)看管。在拘留期間，被拘留人承認(rèn)并改正錯(cuò)誤的，人民法院可以決定提前解除拘留。

Article 104 A fine on an individual shall be not more than Renminbi 10, 000 Yuan. A fine on a unit shall be not less than Renminbi 10,000 Yuan and not more than Renminbi 300,000 Yuan.

A detention period shall not be longer than fifteen days.

The people’s court shall deliver detainees to a public security organ for custody. The people’s court may decide to grant the detainee an early release if he admits and is willing to correct his wrongdoing.

第一百零五條 【強(qiáng)制措施程序】拘傳、罰款、拘留必須經(jīng)院長(zhǎng)批準(zhǔn)。

拘傳應(yīng)當(dāng)發(fā)拘傳票。

罰款、拘留應(yīng)當(dāng)用決定書。對(duì)決定不服的，可以向上一級(jí)人民法院申請(qǐng)復(fù)議一次。復(fù)議期間不停止執(zhí)行。

Article 105 Any summons by force, fines, or detentions shall be approved by the president of a people’s court.

A warrant shall be issued before carrying out a summon by force.

The rulings of fines and detentions shall be issued in written letter form. If a party does not agree with a decision, he may apply to a people’s court at a higher level for reconsideration and the reconsideration can be granted only once. However, the enforcement of the decision shall not be suspended during the time of reconsideration.

第一百零六條 【強(qiáng)制措施決定權(quán)】采取對(duì)妨害民事訴訟的強(qiáng)制措施必須由人民法院決定。任何單位和個(gè)人采取非法拘禁他人或者非法私自扣押他人財(cái)產(chǎn)追索債務(wù)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依法追究刑事責(zé)任，或者予以拘留、罰款。

Article 106 Any decision on the adoption of compulsory measures against obstruction of civil actions shall be made by the people’s court. Any unit or individual pressing a debt payment by unlawfully detaining a person or illegally seizing other people’s property shall be investigated for criminal liabilities according to law or may be punished by detention or fine.

第十一章 訴訟費(fèi)用

Chapter 11 Litigation Expenses

第一百零七條 【訴訟費(fèi)用的交納】當(dāng)事人進(jìn)行民事訴訟，應(yīng)當(dāng)按照規(guī)定交納案件受理費(fèi)。財(cái)產(chǎn)案件除交納案件受理費(fèi)外，并按照規(guī)定交納其他訴訟費(fèi)用。

當(dāng)事人交納訴訟費(fèi)用確有困難的，可以按照規(guī)定向人民法院申請(qǐng)緩交、減交或者免交。

收取訴訟費(fèi)用的辦法另行制定。

Article 107 Any party filing a civil lawsuit shall pay a case handling fee according to relevant regulations. For cases involving property, the party shall pay other litigation expenses, in addition to case handling fee.

Parties who truly have difficulties to pay litigation expenses may, according to relevant regulations, petition the people’s court to postpone, reduce, or wave the payment.

Procedures for the payment of litigation expenses shall be formulated separately.